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奇妙的京剧之九

戏曲虽然是“角儿”的艺术,观众来看戏,追捧的都是当红的名家。但是仅仅有一两个角儿是唱不成戏的。

除了活跃在舞台上的各个行当的演员以外,在后台还有很多虽然默默无闻,但是对于演出同样重要的工种。与前台演员并称“五行七科”。

所谓“七科”,就是七个不同的工种。比如唱戏需要乐队,所有为演出伴奏的,不管是打击乐还是管弦乐,统称为“音乐科”,可以说这是和演员关系最密切的一个工种,也涌现了很多大师,比如徐兰沅、杨宝忠等等。

演员演出需要穿服装,戴各种各样的帽子。旦角演员还要贴片子,戴珠光宝气的头饰。虽然在台下看来,都属于化妆的工作范围,但是,在后台分工来说,却是三个工种,穿服装的属于“剧装科”,带帽子的属于“盔箱科”,给旦角梳头化妆的属于“容装科”。

负责舞台上的桌椅摆放,道具放置的叫“剧通科”。俗称“检场的”。由于在早年,戏曲的舞台没有大幕,所以所有的换道具,布景都是要在观众面前进行的。而且在当时,还有一些必不可少的演出环节需要“检场的”协助。所以这一行必须是要由对各个剧目十分熟悉的人充当,才能知道什么时候是上台的最好时机,既不会引起观众注意,又不至于影响演员表演。

后台里要说权力最大的,得说“经励科”了。对外联系演出,对内安排戏码,决定戏班人员。都得经励科说了算。所以一般的演员都不敢得罪经励科。

还有一科叫“交通科”,俗称就是“跑腿的”。主要负责相互联系,催场送信等等。 虽然这七科的人员基本不在舞台上出现,但是也属于戏曲界的重要组成部分,想跻身其中同样需要拜师学艺,履行相关的手续才行。

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