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奇妙的京剧之五

曾经有一位爱好者把他的女朋友带到一次京剧演出的后台,女孩子觉得什么都很新奇,后来我们问她对什么印象最深,她说:“我今天才知道,原来锣鼓是四个人一起演奏的。”

锣鼓是戏曲艺术的一个重要的组成部分。而且是其他舞台艺术中不存在的一个部分。他主要是起渲染气氛,调节节奏,弥补空当的作用。术语叫做“武场”,是与由弦乐和弹拨乐和组成的“文场”对而言的。一般由五件乐器组成,其中最主要的是单皮鼓和板,单皮鼓是用皮蒙在木头上做成的,敲击起来会发出“嗒嗒”的声音;板是用上好木料做成,捆在一起的三块板,互相碰击会发出清脆的“奔奔”声。这两件乐器由一个人演奏,他被称为鼓师,是所有乐队成员的指挥,其他的乐器都要依据他的节奏来演奏。

其余三件是大锣、小锣和铙钹。大锣一般都打强拍,起到渲染强烈气氛的作用,比如当剧中人受到惊吓、气愤到极点、吃惊的时候,都会用大锣来体现。小锣则是用来体现轻松活泼、欢乐愉快的心情。铙钹在合奏的时候主要打在弱拍上,也可以和小锣一起表现衰老、迟滞等特点。当然,除了小锣以外,其他两件都不能能够单独演奏。 锣鼓的演奏有很多固定套路,被称为“锣鼓经”。通过不同的锣鼓经的组合,表现剧情气氛,推动剧情发展。例如在剧中表现赶路、打斗、舞蹈等等情节时,都是需要由锣鼓来辅助表演的。

可以说,如果能听懂锣鼓的含义,就基本可以说你懂京剧了。

Tags:锣鼓  京剧 

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