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奇妙的京剧之二

作者:包玥

每天早上,在中国各个城市的公园里都有很多人在如痴如醉的唱着他们喜欢的戏曲,当然,不仅是京剧,还有可能是越剧、评剧、梆子等等。这一点好像和国外是不一样的,在国外即便是歌剧爱好者,也不会在如此随便的场合引吭高歌的。这是为什么呢?

因为京剧(或者说戏曲)本来就是一个世俗的艺术。

在现在的中国,京剧被视为是高雅的传统艺术,并且被大力的宣传推广。但是在民间,官方投入很大精力宣传、制作的剧目并不是很受欢迎。流传在戏曲爱好者之间的还是二百多年以来艺术大师们精心创作的选段。毫无疑问,这是一种很奇怪的现象。

二百多年前,中国的乾隆皇帝为了庆祝自己的生日,邀请全国各个著名的剧团到北京来演出。其中有当时很流行的秦腔(中国西北的流行剧种)、徽剧(流传在安徽一带的剧种)、汉剧(流行在湖北一带的剧种)等等诸多剧种的顶级艺术家,这些名家到了北京以后,在长期的演出中,发挥各自剧种的优势,吸取其他剧种的长处,同时根据当时北京观众的 审美加以改进。逐渐形成了“京剧”。

所以,虽然叫“京剧”,但是它是全中国戏曲艺术融合的产物,所以称为“国粹”是当之无愧的。

在当时,进剧院看戏是一种被人视为不很高雅的娱乐活动,当时的政府是严格禁止在职官员进剧院看戏的。而且即便是平民,女性也是不被允许的。所以在相当长的时间里,戏曲的生存空间只是局限在社会中下层的平民当中。

而且在当时的中国,“戏子(当时对戏曲演员的蔑称)”是一个特殊的社会群体,他们的社会地位十分低下,被称为“贱民”。虽然有很高的声望和很丰厚的收入,但即便是最贫穷的农民,在主观上也是不愿意和他们有接触的。所以,“戏子”们的社交圈、生活圈都是局限在同行业的人之间,久而久之,形成了一个庞大而繁杂的社会关系网。每两个戏曲演员之间都有可能是亲属、同学或者师生。

例如,京剧大师梅兰芳,他的姨妈是给他伴奏的琴师徐兰沅的妻子。但是徐兰沅的弟弟徐碧云的妻子则是梅兰芳的妹妹。所以在中国人很看重的“辈分”,在戏曲界中是一个十分让人头疼的事。

由于社会地位的低下,所以当时一般的社会阶层都不会选择戏曲演员作为职业。只有极端贫穷、家庭遭到刑事处罚等十分特殊的情况才会选择从事这一职业。而且由于戏曲演员需要从小培养,自童年开始就要受到十分痛苦和严格的演唱和形体训练。因此,大多数戏曲演员文化水平都十分低。甚至连自己的名字都不会写。

这些就造就了京剧(戏曲)从一开始就是流行在世俗阶层的艺术。


想更多了解包玥或阅读他的文章,请访问包玥个人博客: http://shechuan.bokee.com/

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